| Category | Measures | Descriptions | | Market-based measures | Congestion pricing | Congestion charging refers to variable road tolls (higher prices under congested conditions and lower prices or free passage at less congested times) established in central areas to reduce peak-period traffic volumes. |
| Market-based measures | Incentives & subsidies | Incentives are designed to encourage more sustainable and energy-efficient urban freight transport by offering economic (or access) advantages to operators and/or shippers. Incentives may be economic (e.g. offered when purchasing electric or low emission vehicles) or competitive (e.g. rewarding those operators, who are in compliance with scheme requirements such as limits in relation to emissions standards, load factors, etc., with the right to access environmental zones for extended time intervals, to use reserved bus lanes, etc.). |
| Market-based measures | Parking charges | The purpose of parking pricing is to optimize the allocation of curb space among all potential users. A proper number of spaces, and the locations of the spaces allocated to freight vehicles are essential to program success. The main issue is that often cities fail to allocate enough parking places for freight activities, which results in significant parking violations and fines. Through parking charges, motorists pay directly for using parking facilities. These schemes can be established for the use of kerb space, some being based on fixed rates, others involve variable pricing schemes and are generally implemented as part of a group of strategies. The general aim is to manage freight demand to reduce freight traffic entering the city and minimizing parking dwell times. |
| Market-based measures | Road pricing | Road pricing means that motorists pay directly for driving on a particular roadway or in a particular area. Charges can be fixed or variable according to a vehicles emission standards if the reduction of emissions is the target. |
| Market-based measures | Tax allowances | By contrast, tax allowances can be applied on the purchase of new vehicles (for instance, tax incentives or tax allowances for consumers who buy electric vehicles or for companies that use energy-efficient equipment). |
| Market-based measures | Taxation | Taxation is routinely used to raise revenues and foster behavioral changes that will lead to public benefits. Taxation can be imposed on vehicle emissions, fuel, vehicle ownership or use. |
| Market-based measures | Tradable permits & mobility credits | The mobility credits model establishes the total amount of acceptable emissions within a specified zone of a city and then allocates them to economic operators such as retailers and companies to enable them to purchase freight transport services that are not subject to additional access charges or restrictions. |
